Moc06g37190 (gene) Bitter gourd (OHB3-1) v2

Overview
NameMoc06g37190
Typegene
OrganismMomordica charantia cv. OHB3-1 (Bitter gourd (OHB3-1) v2)
Descriptiontetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog
Locationchr6: 28565607 .. 28567119 (-)
RNA-Seq ExpressionMoc06g37190
SyntenyMoc06g37190
Sequences
The following sequences are available for this feature:

Gene sequence (with intron)

Legend: polypeptideexonCDS
Hold the cursor over a type above to highlight its positions in the sequence below.
ATGTTTTCAGAAGGTTGTCCACCTTTGCCATGGGATGTAGAGAACAAATATACCCGTGAAGCTGTTGAATTATACTATGAGGTATCTATTACATGAAATTTTGTTACATTGAGATATTTTACTCTTTTGATAACTCATCAAATGGAAGTATCGGACCTAACTTCGGGGTTTCACAGTTGTTTTTATTGAGGCACTTATTGTTTGAACGTTTCTGCATGGACATAAACGGTGTCTGTCTTCTGAACTGCAAGATATTGTGAATGGACTGAGTTCTTTCTGATTACTGGCGAGGTTTATGTGTGTGCTAGTTTATGTACTTATTATAGGGGTCAGGTTTTGCTTGTTGATTATTGGTTTCAAAATTAAAATCCTTTCAATCAATTACTTTTGTCAAAATATTGATTTTTTAATGCTGGTTGTATCAGGTTGGTTCAGGAATTTGTTTATCAAAAGTAAATATTATACGACATCTTCTAGAGGGAACTGCTGCTTCTAATGCAGAAAACCTCGTACTTGACGAGAAAGATGCAATTGAATGTTCAAATCATGACACTTCTGCAAGTAAGATTTTCATGTCTGTATTTGCTCAAAATTCTTGACTATTCTTATCAATAGCTCTCTCTTTTTTTTAATTCACTGTGACATGTCTGAATACTGATTTTCATTGATAGTATGAAATATATATTAAAGAAAAAAGAGCTCAAAAAATTGGATTACGAAAAGGCTGATCATTAAGACTGTAATTAGCAAAGGGGTATAAACCTATACGCCAACCAAGAGCTAGAACCAGAACTTTGTCAAAAAGTAAACTAAAACGAAAGTGGTCTATTGAAACACAGGTGACAACACATTGGTGTTCTTCCTAGAAAGTAAAAACCTGTCATATGATGTGGGTGTTAAAAGGACTACGTTCAGATATGAAATGGTTTTATGATATATAAAATCTGTAGTTCGCTGATCTTGACTGTAATATGCAAGAAAGTTGGGCAAACTTCTGTTCACCACTTTCCTCCCAATATCCTTTTACTTACCTTGTTCATAGGTTACCTAGAGAATATCTTCTCAATAAGAAAGACACATTGTTGGAATTTTAGACAGTTTCAAGATCACGTGTTATTTTATTTTCTTTTATTATGCAATTCATGCTTCCAGCAGTAAGTAGCATTTAGGTTCTTTAATATTCTGTGCTGTACTGATTATACTCTATAATATTGTCATCTGCTTTCTGTGCATGGCTTTCCCAGATGAAGGCTCTTCTAAATGGATCAAAGTTAACGAAAAAAGAACGCTTCACGACGTTCTAAAGGCGCCTAACTGCCTCATACCAGGAATACCAGGTGCGCCGTTATGTTAATTATTTGTGAACATTATAACTATTTTGCTGTTGTAATCTCTGCATTTTTCCCCTCTCATTCTCTCTGTCTTTCTCTCGAATGCAGTCTTTTATGTTGTTTGGAGGAACTCAAAATTTTACAAAGATTTCAAAGCTGGGAGATGGGGTCCTCCTTCGTGA

mRNA sequence

ATGTTTTCAGAAGGTTGTCCACCTTTGCCATGGGATGTAGAGAACAAATATACCCGTGAAGCTGTTGAATTATACTATGAGGTTGGTTCAGGAATTTGTTTATCAAAAGTAAATATTATACGACATCTTCTAGAGGGAACTGCTGCTTCTAATGCAGAAAACCTCGTACTTGACGAGAAAGATGCAATTGAATGTTCAAATCATGACACTTCTGCAAATGAAGGCTCTTCTAAATGGATCAAAGTTAACGAAAAAAGAACGCTTCACGACGTTCTAAAGGCGCCTAACTGCCTCATACCAGGAATACCAGTCTTTTATGTTGTTTGGAGGAACTCAAAATTTTACAAAGATTTCAAAGCTGGGAGATGGGGTCCTCCTTCGTGA

Coding sequence (CDS)

ATGTTTTCAGAAGGTTGTCCACCTTTGCCATGGGATGTAGAGAACAAATATACCCGTGAAGCTGTTGAATTATACTATGAGGTTGGTTCAGGAATTTGTTTATCAAAAGTAAATATTATACGACATCTTCTAGAGGGAACTGCTGCTTCTAATGCAGAAAACCTCGTACTTGACGAGAAAGATGCAATTGAATGTTCAAATCATGACACTTCTGCAAATGAAGGCTCTTCTAAATGGATCAAAGTTAACGAAAAAAGAACGCTTCACGACGTTCTAAAGGCGCCTAACTGCCTCATACCAGGAATACCAGTCTTTTATGTTGTTTGGAGGAACTCAAAATTTTACAAAGATTTCAAAGCTGGGAGATGGGGTCCTCCTTCGTGA

Protein sequence

MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEKDAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKAGRWGPPS
Homology
BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. NCBI nr
Match: XP_022159856.1 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog isoform X2 [Momordica charantia])

HSP 1 Score: 275.4 bits (703), Expect = 2.5e-70
Identity = 127/127 (100.00%), Postives = 127/127 (100.00%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK
Sbjct: 224 MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 283

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA
Sbjct: 284 DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 343

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRWGPPS
Sbjct: 344 GRWGPPS 350

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. NCBI nr
Match: XP_022159855.1 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog isoform X1 [Momordica charantia])

HSP 1 Score: 275.4 bits (703), Expect = 2.5e-70
Identity = 127/127 (100.00%), Postives = 127/127 (100.00%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK
Sbjct: 238 MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA
Sbjct: 298 DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRWGPPS
Sbjct: 358 GRWGPPS 364

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. NCBI nr
Match: XP_008447360.1 (PREDICTED: tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog [Cucumis melo])

HSP 1 Score: 224.9 bits (572), Expect = 3.8e-55
Identity = 102/127 (80.31%), Postives = 115/127 (90.55%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MF+EGCPPLPWD ENKYTREAVELYYE GSGICLSK  I+R+ LEGTAASNA+++ LDEK
Sbjct: 238 MFAEGCPPLPWDAENKYTREAVELYYETGSGICLSKERILRNFLEGTAASNAQSIALDEK 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           DA+E SNH TSAN+GSSKWIKV+E+RTLH+VLK PN +IPGIPVFY+V RNSKFYKDFKA
Sbjct: 298 DAVEDSNHTTSANKGSSKWIKVHERRTLHNVLKEPNYIIPGIPVFYLVSRNSKFYKDFKA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRW PPS
Sbjct: 358 GRWVPPS 364

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. NCBI nr
Match: XP_011651622.1 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog [Cucumis sativus] >KGN58403.2 hypothetical protein Csa_017563 [Cucumis sativus])

HSP 1 Score: 215.7 bits (548), Expect = 2.3e-52
Identity = 100/127 (78.74%), Postives = 112/127 (88.19%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MF+E CPPLPWD ENKYTREA+ELYYE GSGICLSK  I+R+ LEGTAASNAE++ L+  
Sbjct: 238 MFAEDCPPLPWDAENKYTREAIELYYEAGSGICLSKERILRNFLEGTAASNAESIALE-- 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           DA+E SNH TSAN+GSSKWIKV+E+RTLHDVLK PN +IPGIPVFYVV RNSKFYKDFKA
Sbjct: 298 DAVEDSNHTTSANKGSSKWIKVHERRTLHDVLKEPNYIIPGIPVFYVVSRNSKFYKDFKA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRW PPS
Sbjct: 358 GRWVPPS 362

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. NCBI nr
Match: XP_022967280.1 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog [Cucurbita maxima])

HSP 1 Score: 211.8 bits (538), Expect = 3.3e-51
Identity = 101/127 (79.53%), Postives = 110/127 (86.61%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MFSE CPPLPWD ENKYTREAVELYYE GSGICLSK  I+R+LLEGTAASN E++ LDEK
Sbjct: 238 MFSEDCPPLPWDAENKYTREAVELYYEAGSGICLSKEKILRNLLEGTAASNVESIALDEK 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           D +E SNH TSA+  SSKWIKV+EK TLHDVLK PN +IPGIPVFYVV RNSKFYK+FKA
Sbjct: 298 DEVEDSNHITSAS--SSKWIKVDEKTTLHDVLKKPNHVIPGIPVFYVVSRNSKFYKEFKA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRW PPS
Sbjct: 358 GRWVPPS 362

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. ExPASy Swiss-Prot
Match: Q54M20 (Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog OS=Dictyostelium discoideum OX=44689 GN=ttc4 PE=3 SV=1)

HSP 1 Score: 53.9 bits (128), Expect = 1.5e-06
Identity = 30/109 (27.52%), Postives = 45/109 (41.28%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 10  PWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEKDAIECSNHD 69
           PWD + +YT + +E+Y+E          N  + +L                        D
Sbjct: 316 PWDTKKEYTMDRIEVYFE---------TNWTKPILS-----------------------D 375

Query: 70  TSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDF 119
               E   KWI+V     +  V+  P  +IP IP+FY+V R + FYK F
Sbjct: 376 IKIKEIEKKWIRVKHTTDIAKVISHPTYIIPEIPIFYIVSRGNLFYKKF 392

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. ExPASy TrEMBL
Match: A0A6J1DZY6 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog isoform X1 OS=Momordica charantia OX=3673 GN=LOC111026147 PE=3 SV=1)

HSP 1 Score: 275.4 bits (703), Expect = 1.2e-70
Identity = 127/127 (100.00%), Postives = 127/127 (100.00%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK
Sbjct: 238 MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA
Sbjct: 298 DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRWGPPS
Sbjct: 358 GRWGPPS 364

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. ExPASy TrEMBL
Match: A0A6J1E576 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog isoform X2 OS=Momordica charantia OX=3673 GN=LOC111026147 PE=3 SV=1)

HSP 1 Score: 275.4 bits (703), Expect = 1.2e-70
Identity = 127/127 (100.00%), Postives = 127/127 (100.00%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK
Sbjct: 224 MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 283

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA
Sbjct: 284 DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 343

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRWGPPS
Sbjct: 344 GRWGPPS 350

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. ExPASy TrEMBL
Match: A0A1S3BHV4 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog OS=Cucumis melo OX=3656 GN=LOC103489830 PE=3 SV=1)

HSP 1 Score: 224.9 bits (572), Expect = 1.8e-55
Identity = 102/127 (80.31%), Postives = 115/127 (90.55%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MF+EGCPPLPWD ENKYTREAVELYYE GSGICLSK  I+R+ LEGTAASNA+++ LDEK
Sbjct: 238 MFAEGCPPLPWDAENKYTREAVELYYETGSGICLSKERILRNFLEGTAASNAQSIALDEK 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           DA+E SNH TSAN+GSSKWIKV+E+RTLH+VLK PN +IPGIPVFY+V RNSKFYKDFKA
Sbjct: 298 DAVEDSNHTTSANKGSSKWIKVHERRTLHNVLKEPNYIIPGIPVFYLVSRNSKFYKDFKA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRW PPS
Sbjct: 358 GRWVPPS 364

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. ExPASy TrEMBL
Match: A0A6J1HU00 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog OS=Cucurbita maxima OX=3661 GN=LOC111466850 PE=3 SV=1)

HSP 1 Score: 211.8 bits (538), Expect = 1.6e-51
Identity = 101/127 (79.53%), Postives = 110/127 (86.61%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MFSE CPPLPWD ENKYTREAVELYYE GSGICLSK  I+R+LLEGTAASN E++ LDEK
Sbjct: 238 MFSEDCPPLPWDAENKYTREAVELYYEAGSGICLSKEKILRNLLEGTAASNVESIALDEK 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           D +E SNH TSA+  SSKWIKV+EK TLHDVLK PN +IPGIPVFYVV RNSKFYK+FKA
Sbjct: 298 DEVEDSNHITSAS--SSKWIKVDEKTTLHDVLKKPNHVIPGIPVFYVVSRNSKFYKEFKA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRW PPS
Sbjct: 358 GRWVPPS 362

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. ExPASy TrEMBL
Match: A0A6J1HFS8 (tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog OS=Cucurbita moschata OX=3662 GN=LOC111463911 PE=3 SV=1)

HSP 1 Score: 211.1 bits (536), Expect = 2.8e-51
Identity = 100/127 (78.74%), Postives = 110/127 (86.61%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MFSE CPPLPWD ENKYTREAVELYYE GSGICLSK  I+R+LLEGTAASN E++ LDEK
Sbjct: 238 MFSEDCPPLPWDAENKYTREAVELYYEAGSGICLSKEKILRNLLEGTAASNVESIALDEK 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
           D +E SNH TSA+  SSKWIKV+EK TLHDVLK PN ++PGIPVFYVV RNSKFYK+FKA
Sbjct: 298 DEVEDSNHITSAS--SSKWIKVDEKTTLHDVLKKPNHIMPGIPVFYVVSRNSKFYKEFKA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           GRW PPS
Sbjct: 358 GRWVPPS 362

BLAST of Moc06g37190 vs. TAIR 10
Match: AT1G04130.1 (Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein )

HSP 1 Score: 142.5 bits (358), Expect = 2.3e-34
Identity = 66/127 (51.97%), Postives = 88/127 (69.29%), Query Frame = 0

Query: 1   MFSEGCPPLPWDVENKYTREAVELYYEVGSGICLSKVNIIRHLLEGTAASNAENLVLDEK 60
           MFSE  PPLPWD  N+Y+R+ +ELYYE  SG  L +  ++++LLEGT  S AE    ++ 
Sbjct: 238 MFSEDSPPLPWDKNNEYSRDVIELYYEASSGTPLPRSRVLQYLLEGTKGSQAETTGEEDT 297

Query: 61  DAIECSNHDTSANEGSSKWIKVNEKRTLHDVLKAPNCLIPGIPVFYVVWRNSKFYKDFKA 120
            A +  ++     +GSS  +KVNE+RTLHDVLK P  +IP IPVFY+V + SKFYKDF A
Sbjct: 298 SATKTPSY----LKGSSGMVKVNERRTLHDVLKEPKFVIPEIPVFYIVSKRSKFYKDFTA 357

Query: 121 GRWGPPS 128
           G+W PP+
Sbjct: 358 GKWTPPN 360

The following BLAST results are available for this feature:
Match NameE-valueIdentityDescription
XP_022159856.12.5e-70100.00tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog isoform X2 [Momordica charantia][more]
XP_022159855.12.5e-70100.00tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog isoform X1 [Momordica charantia][more]
XP_008447360.13.8e-5580.31PREDICTED: tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog [Cucumis melo][more]
XP_011651622.12.3e-5278.74tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog [Cucumis sativus] >KGN58403.2 hypothe... [more]
XP_022967280.13.3e-5179.53tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog [Cucurbita maxima][more]
Match NameE-valueIdentityDescription
Q54M201.5e-0627.52Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog OS=Dictyostelium discoideum OX=44689 ... [more]
Match NameE-valueIdentityDescription
A0A6J1DZY61.2e-70100.00tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog isoform X1 OS=Momordica charantia OX=... [more]
A0A6J1E5761.2e-70100.00tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog isoform X2 OS=Momordica charantia OX=... [more]
A0A1S3BHV41.8e-5580.31tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog OS=Cucumis melo OX=3656 GN=LOC1034898... [more]
A0A6J1HU001.6e-5179.53tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog OS=Cucurbita maxima OX=3661 GN=LOC111... [more]
A0A6J1HFS82.8e-5178.74tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 homolog OS=Cucurbita moschata OX=3662 GN=LOC1... [more]
Match NameE-valueIdentityDescription
AT1G04130.12.3e-3451.97Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein [more]
InterPro
Analysis Name: InterPro Annotations of Bitter gourd (OHB3-1) v2
Date Performed: 2022-08-01
IPR TermIPR DescriptionSourceSource TermSource DescriptionAlignment
NoneNo IPR availablePANTHERPTHR46035TETRATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT PROTEIN 4coord: 1..124
NoneNo IPR availablePANTHERPTHR46035:SF1TETRATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT PROTEIN 4coord: 1..124

Relationships

The following mRNA feature(s) are a part of this gene:

Feature NameUnique NameType
Moc06g37190.1Moc06g37190.1mRNA


GO Annotation
GO Assignments
This gene is annotated with the following GO terms.
Category Term Accession Term Name
molecular_function GO:0051879 Hsp90 protein binding